History of the name Pygmy and its importance for the Pygmies themselves.

Many people and organizations misunderstand the concept behind the name Pygmy. This misunderstanding leads them to misinterpretations and erroneous judgements about its use. This article goes back to the origin of the name in order to clarify the meaning that it has today, especially for the Pygmies themselves. The term 'pygmy' originated in ancient Greece where it was employed for a legendary people who, in Greek mythology, were engaged in an unceasing battle against cranes. Although the morphology of the pygmies described by the ancient Greeks cannot be fully characterized, the term 'pygmy' was used for centuries to refer to a population of small stature living close to the Nile. This led scientists and travellers in modern times to refer to populations of small stature living in equatorial Africa as pygmies. The distinction between Pygmies and non-Pygmies in this region matches the presence of two kinds of populations whose identities are defined in contraposition to one another by socio-cultural aspects. Genetic population studies have suggested that the Pygmies split from non-Pygmy populations around 60,000 years BP. Very importantly, the use of the name Pygmy is gratifying to the Pygmies themselves and it appears in the title of almost all Pygmy rights organizations. The name Pygmy thus covers populations sharing a particular phenotype, having a common origin and thus a biological identity, as well as socio-cultural characteristics which are diverse but nevertheless distinguish them from non-Pygmy populations. Furthermore, the name Pygmy has a dual function for the Pygmies themselves, at once asserting their common identity in contraposition to non-Pygmies ("Big-blacks" as they call them) and conveying their claims against those who despise them, who are the same "Big-blacks".

Surgical application of Ong speculum in simple limbal epithelial transplantation and pterygium surgery.

Ong speculum is used in glaucoma surgeries such as trabeculectomy to expose the superior part of the globe. The large inferior blade pushes the inferior conjunctival fornix, due to which the eyeball rotates downwards. It has not been used in other anterior segment surgeries before. We used this speculum in simple limbal epithelial transplantation (SLET) and pterygium surgery to expose superior bulbar conjunctiva for harvesting limbal and conjunctival grafts, respectively. As the superior conjunctiva and sclera become exposed, it facilitates the steps of harvesting limbal biopsy and conjunctival graft in SLET and pterygium surgery. This eliminated the need for a superior rectus suture or an assistant who would keep the globe rotated downwards. Its position could also be maneuvered to adjust the site of exposure when dissecting the area of pannus in SLET. Thus, it makes the superior conjunctiva more accessible.

Long-Term Burden of Pain and Reduced Visual Acuity after Gunshot Wounds to the Orbit.

PURPOSE: To characterize the clinical presentation, surgical management, long-term complications and outcomes of Gunshot Wounds(GSW) to the orbit. METHODS: An extended case series with retrospective chart-review was conducted on all cases (1985-2020) of traumatic ocular injuries secondary to GSWs at an academic institution with a level 1 trauma center. Predictors included demographic information, clinical and radiologic examination findings, and surgical intervention at time of presentation. Outcomes included long-term lid malposition, visual acuity, pain, and secondary surgery. Descriptive statistics and tests of association were performed, including Fishers exact tests for categorical data, Kruskal-Wallis rank sum tests, analysis of variance, and, in the case of repeated measures, generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: 88 patients with GSW involving the orbit were included with average age of 32.6 years (sd = 15.7). Patients were 85.2% male, 75% African-American, 25.0% Caucasian, and 5.7% Hispanic. Median follow up was 43.3 months (4.6, 136.4). The injuries at presentation were 53.4% intracranial, 21.6% open globe, 80.7% orbital fracture, 89.8% lid laceration. Visual acuity did not significantly improve over time. Long-term complications included abnormal lid or globe position in 26.1% of patients, reduced visual acuity in 55.2%, and persistent pain in 50.6%. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this represents the first and largest clinical epidemiologic study with insight into the clinical presentation, surgical intervention, and long-term outcomes of GSW to the orbit. The results demonstrate a long-term burden of persistent pain and reduced visual acuity in patients who suffer from GSW to the globe and orbit. This study may guide patient management and communications.

Vascular dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: update on SARS-CoV-2 infection of endothelial cells and the role of long non-coding RNAs.

Although COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory disease, it may affect also the cardiovascular system. COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular disorder (CVD) develop a more severe disease course with a significantly higher mortality rate than non-CVD patients. A common denominator of CVD is the dysfunction of endothelial cells (ECs), increased vascular permeability, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, coagulation, and inflammation. It has been assumed that clinical complications in COVID-19 patients suffering from CVD are caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection of ECs through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and the cellular transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and the consequent dysfunction of the infected vascular cells. Meanwhile, other factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells have been described, including disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 (ADAM17), the C-type lectin CD209L or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Here, we discuss the current data about the putative entry of SARS-CoV-2 into endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, we highlight the potential role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) affecting vascular permeability in CVD, a process that might exacerbate disease in COVID-19 patients.

Pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic nerve with intracystic hemorrhage in an adult: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Optic pathway gliomas are uncommon, accounting for 3-5% of childhood brain tumors, and are mostly classified as pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs). PAs of the optic nerve are particularly rare in adults. OBSERVATIONS: The authors presented the case of PA of the left optic nerve in a 49-year-old woman along with detailed pathological and molecular analyses and sequential magnetic resonance imaging. The tumor had progressed during 5 years of follow-up along with cyst formation and intracystic hemorrhage; it had a thick capsule and contained xanthochromic fluid. The boundary between tumor and optic nerve was unclear. B-type Raf kinase (BRAF) V600E point mutations or translocations, IDH1-R132H mutations, loss of alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked, and 1p/19q codeletion were negative. LESSONS: BRAF alterations in pediatric PAs of the optic nerve are less frequent than those observed in PAs in other lesions; the same molecular pattern was observed in the adult case, without changes in BRAF. Surgical management should be indicated only in cases with severely impaired vision or disfigurement because there is no clear border between the tumor and optic nerve. Further discussion is needed to optimize the treatment for adult optic pathway gliomas, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and molecular-targeted therapies, in addition to surgical intervention.

The Concepts of Social Space and Social Value: An Interpretation of Clinical Nursing Practice in Vietnam Các khái niem ve không gian xã hoi và giá tri xã hoi: dien giai ve thuc hành dieu dÆ°ong lâm sàng o Viet Nam.

This research draws on broader inquiry that explores the construction of the spatial positioning of nurses in Vietnam and how power structures sustained that positioning. Observations and individual interviews were undertaken with 32 registered nurses. Analysis of participant data and relevant policy documents moved beyond coding to theorising and thus to the abstraction of key concepts. Social space and social value were significant concepts developed in the research. The concept of space reflected the ways in which nurses constantly engaged in processes of negotiation to embed a sense of control over their practice. The related concept of social value brought focus to a power structure whereby the fiscal priorities of health care managers reinforced a disconnect between the use and exchange values of nurses. An interpretation of power relations that underpinned the material and symbolic spaces in which nurses worked was framed within the historical context of Vietnam. Tóm lÆ°Æ°oc Bài báo này dua trên nghiên cuu voi qui mô lon hÆ¡n nham tìm hieu vi the cua nghành dieu dÆ°ong tai Viet Nam. PhÆ°Æ¡ng pháp quan sát và phong van cá nhân dÆ°oc thuc hien voi 32 nhân viên dieu dÆ°ong làm viec tai tám khoa cua mot benh vien o Viet Nam. Viec phân tích du lieu cua ngÆ°oi tham gia và các tài lieu ve chính sách liên quan dã vÆ°ot ra khoi pham vi mã hóa du lieu dÆ¡n thuan, mo rong sang hoc thuyet và chuyen sang truu tÆ°ong hóa các khái niem chính. Không gian xã hoi và giá tri xã hoi là nhung khái niem quan trong dÆ°oc phát trien trong nghiên cuu này. Khái niem ve không gian phan ánh cách thuc mà các nhân viên dieu dÆ°ong liên tuc tham gia vào các quá trình thÆ°Æ¡ng lÆ°ong de kiem soát dÆ°oc viec thuc hành cua ho. Khái niem liên quan ve giá tri xã hoi tap trung vào cÆ¡ cau quyen luc, theo dó Æ°u tiên tài chính cua các nhà quan lý cham sóc suc khoe góp phan làm gián doan moi liên ket giua giá tri su dung và giá tri trao doi mà ngành dieu dÆ°ong mang lai. Lý giai ve các moi quan he quyen luc dã dÆ°oc cung co trong không gian thuc và không gian mang tính bieu tÆ°ong nÆ¡i các dieu dÆ°ong làm viec, dÆ°oc dinh hình trong boi canh lich su cua Viet Nam.

[The ethical approach of small humanitarian medical non-governmental organisations (NGOs) - the example of Biology Without Borders]. / L'approche éthique des petites organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) médicales humanitaires ­ l'exemple de Biologie Sans Frontières.

In France, more than 400 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) work in the field of health; they differ in their missions and means. Nevertheless, their actions question common ethical principles, which include respect for populations and political or financial non-interference. Biologie Sans Frontières has considered these ethical aspects and has formalised a charter on the principles it defends in its actions. The creation of an ethics committee with a single charter would be unifying for all NGOs; it would also be a guarantee of respectability for international bodies such as the World Health Organisation (WHO).

Treating Children With Advanced Rheumatic Heart Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: The NGO EMERGENCY's Project at the Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery in Sudan.

Rheumatic heart disease is endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa and while efforts are under way to boost prophylaxis and early diagnosis, access to cardiac surgery is rarely affordable. In this article, we report on a humanitarian project by the NGO EMERGENCY, to build and run the Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery in Sudan. This hospital is a center of excellence offering free-of-charge, high-quality treatment to patients needing open-heart surgery for advanced rheumatic and congenital heart disease. Since it opened in 2007, more than 8,000 patients have undergone surgery there; most of them Sudanese, but ~20% were admitted from other countries, an example of inter-African cooperation. The program is not limited to surgical procedures. It guarantees long-term follow-up and anticoagulant treatment, where necessary. By way of example, we report clinical features and outcome data for the pediatric cohort: 1,318 children under the age of 15, operated on for advanced rheumatic heart disease between 2007 and 2019. The overall 5-year survival rate was 85.0% (95% CI 82.7-87.3). The outcomes for patients with mitral valves repaired and with mitral valves replaced are not statistically different. Nevertheless, observing the trend of patients undergoing valve repair, a better outcome for this category might be assumed. RHD in children is an indicator of poor socio-economic conditions and an inadequate health system, which clearly will not be cured by cardiac surgery alone. Nevertheless, the results achieved by EMERGENCY, with the crucial involvement and participation of the Sudanese government over the years, show that building a hospital, introducing free cardiac surgery, and offering long-term post-operative care may help spread belief in positive change in the future.

Focus and social contagion of environmental organization advocacy on Twitter.

Agriculture, overexploitation, and urbanization remain the major threats to biodiversity in the Anthropocene. The attention these threats garner among leading environmental nongovernmental organizations (eNGOs) and the wider public is critical in fostering the political will necessary to reverse biodiversity declines worldwide. I analyzed the advocacy of leading eNGOs on Twitter by scraping account timelines, screening content for advocacy relating to biodiversity threats and, for prevalent threats, further screening content for positive and negative emotional language with a sentiment lexicon. Twitter advocacy was dominated by the major threats of climate change and overexploitation and the minor threat of plastic pollution. The major threats of agriculture, urbanization, invasions, and pollution were rarely addressed. Content relating to overexploitation and plastic pollution was more socially contagious than other content. Increasing emotional negativity further increased social contagion, whereas increasing emotional positivity did not. Scientists, policy makers, and eNGOs should consider how narrowly focused advocacy on platforms like Twitter will contribute to effective global biodiversity conservation.

Enfoque y Contagio Social de la Promoción de Organizaciones Ambientales en Twitter Resumen La agricultura, la sobreexplotación y la urbanización siguen siendo las principales amenazas para la biodiversidad durante el Antropoceno. La atención que atraen estas amenazas entre las principales organizaciones no gubernamentales ambientales (ONGa) y el público en general es crítico para el fomento de la voluntad política necesaria para revertir las declinaciones en la biodiversidad a nivel mundial. Analicé la promoción de las principales ONGa en Twitter mediante la extracción de información de la cronología de las cuentas, la búsqueda de contenidos de promoción relacionados con las amenazas para la biodiversidad y el lenguaje emocional negativo con un léxico de opinión. La promoción en Twitter estuvo dominada por dos amenazas predominantes y una amenaza menor: el cambio climático y la sobreexplotación y la contaminación por plástico, respectivamente. Las amenazas predominantes como la agricultura, la urbanización, las invasiones y la contaminación fueron mencionadas en raras ocasiones. El contenido relacionado con la sobreexplotación y la contaminación por plástico tuvo un mayor contagio social que cualquier otro contenido. El incremento en la negatividad emocional incrementó todavía más el contagio social, mientras que el incremento en la positividad emocional no lo hizo. Los científicos, los formuladores de políticas y las ONGa deberían considerar cómo contribuirá la promoción, con un enfoque casi exclusivo en plataformas como Twitter, a la conservación efectiva de la biodiversidad en todo el mundo.

lncRNA­MM2P downregulates the production of pro­inflammatory cytokines in acute gouty arthritis.

Acute gouty arthritis (AGA) is characterized by the accumulation of pro­inflammatory cytokines, which are immunological responses to monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. It has been demonstrated that long non­coding RNA (lncRNA)­MM2P is a novel regulator of M2 polarization of macrophages. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether lncRNA­MM2P regulates the MSU­induced inflammatory process. In cell models of RAW 264.7 and THP­1­derived macrophages, decreased expression of lncRNA­MM2P was observed in lipopolysaccharide­ and MSU­treated macrophages, which was accompanied with obvious inflammatory responses. Using small interfering RNA to knockdown lncRNA­MM2P led to the upregulation of MSU­mediated inflammatory responses, both in RAW 264.7 and THP­1­derived macrophages. In conclusion, lncRNA­MM2P could be an important regulator of MSU­induced inflammation, and therefore could be involved in the development of AGA.

Long non­coding RNA MALAT1 serves as an independent predictive biomarker for the diagnosis, severity and prognosis of patients with sepsis.

The present prospective study was conducted to investigate the independent risk and predictive value of plasma long non­coding RNA metastasis­associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) as a biomarker for the diagnosis, severity and prognosis of sepsis. A total of 120 patients with sepsis and 60 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. The expression levels of plasma MALAT1 were detected by quantitative PCR. The results demonstrated that the plasma levels of MALAT1 were significantly increased in patients with sepsis compared with HCs (P<0.001), in patients with septic shock compared with in patients without septic shock (P<0.001), and in non­survivors compared with in survivors (P<0.001). MALAT1 plasma levels exhibited weak positive correlation with serum procalcitonin levels (r=0.253; P=0.005), arterial lactate levels (r=0.488; P<0.001), sepsis­related organ failure assessment scores (r=0.566; P<0.001), and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II scores (r=0.517; P<0.001) in patients with sepsis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that high MALAT1 expression was an independent risk factor for sepsis (P<0.001), septic shock (P=0.030) and poor prognosis (P=0.015). In addition, the receiver operating characteristic curve exhibited a significant predictive value for MALAT1 in distinguishing patients with sepsis from HCs with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.910, patients with septic shock from patients without shock with an AUC of 0.836, and non­survivors from survivors with an AUC of 0.886. In conclusion, plasma MALAT1 may serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis, severity and prognosis of sepsis.

A Diversidade e a Livre Expressão Sexual entre as Ruas as Redes e as Políticas Públicas / Diversity and Free Sexual Expression between the Streets, Networks and Public Policies

Livro editado em parceria com o Nuances ­ Grupo Pela Livre Expressão Sexual e com o Laboratório de Políticas Públicas, Ações Coletivas e Saúde (LAPPACS/UFRGS). Reúne trabalhos apresentados no seminário de comemoração dos 24 anos do Nuances ("Seminário Internacional ­ Êba! Viado na Pista ­ Nuances 24 anos nas ruas") e outros escritos. O livro articula pensamentos e reflexões gestados nas fronteiras que tensionam e articulam a universidade, os movimentos sociais e as políticas públicas, sejam estas geridas por setores do Estado ou por organizações da sociedade civil. Não se trata de discutir a sexualidade isoladamente, mas de mostrar suas cores, gerações, etnias, gêneros, territórios, classes sociais e, rompendo com quaisquer segmentações. Os textos registram o discurso singular dos sujeitos que ocupam o espaço público, produzindo suas espacialidades individual e coletivamente entre as ruas, as redes e as políticas públicas.

The Ong Be language-speaking population in Hainan Island: genetic diversity, phylogenetic characteristics and reflections on ethnicity.

The Ong Be language-speaking population (Lingao population) settled in the north-central coast of Hainan Island and has attracted little attention because of its small population size (about five hundred thousand) as well as its relative geographical isolation in linguistics, anthropology, and forensic genetics. The Lingao population selected "Han Chinese" as its ethnic component around the founding period of the PRC. Hence, we used the Goldeneye™ DNA ID System 20A (including 13 CODIS core loci and 6 expanded CODIS loci) to obtain Lingao population genotypes and to enable the publishing of relative forensic parameters; further, this data will allow the evaluation of the Lingao ethnic component from different perspectives. Genetic differences between the Lingao population and Han Chinese populations from north and south administrative divisions of China as well as genetic distinctions among official ethnic groups were also investigated by the principal component analysis (PCA). The phylogenic tree was investigated by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). We analysed the genetic polymorphisms of 19 autosomal STR loci in 821 individuals from the Lingao population and observed a total of 269 alleles at 19 autosomal STR loci, with the corresponding allelic frequencies ranging from 0.0006 to 0.5780. The combined power of discrimination (CPD) and combined power of exclusion (CPE) for the 19 autosomal STR loci were 0.99999999999999999999998569 and 0.999999989, respectively. No evidence of deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was identified and no linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed. The results demonstrated that the Goldeneye™ DNA ID System 20A had highly genetic diversities in the 19 STR loci in the Lingao population for forensic applications. In addition, the Lingao population had relatively close genetic relationships with Guangxi Han and Hainan Li populations compared to other populations. However, from a historical and linguistic perspective, "Han Chinese" is probably not an accurate description of the Lingao population. In conclusion, it is neither accurate or appropriate to classify the Ong Be language-speaking population as "Han Chinese" for multiple reasons. The present study can increase our understanding of the genetic relationships between the Lingao population and other Chinese groups. Nonetheless, further genetic studies are still needed to explore the mysteries of the Ong Be language-speaking population.

Network analysis of a stakeholder community combatting illegal wildlife trade.

The illegal wildlife trade has emerged as a growing and urgent environmental issue. Stakeholders involved in the efforts to curb wildlife trafficking include nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), academia, and state government and enforcement bodies. The extent to which these stakeholders work and communicate among each other is fundamental to effectively combatting illicit trade. Using the United Kingdom as a case study, we used a social network analysis and semistructured interviews of stakeholders to assess communication relationships in the counter wildlife trafficking community. The NGOs consistently occupied 4 of the 5 most central positions in the generated networks, whereas academic institutions routinely occupied 4 of the 5 most peripheral positions. However, NGOs were the least diverse in their communication practices compared with the other stakeholder groups. Stakeholders identified personal relationships as the most important aspect of functioning communication. Participant insights also showed that stakeholder-specific variables (e.g., ethical and confidentiality concerns), competition, and fundraising can have a confounding effect on intercommunication. Evaluating communication networks and intrastakeholder communication trends is essential to creating cohesive, productive, and efficient responses to the challenges of combatting illegal wildlife trade. Article impact statement: Communication among those combatting illegal wildlife trade is confounded by stakeholder variables (ethics, confidentiality), competition, and fundraising.

Análisis de las Redes de una Comunidad de Activistas que Combate al Mercado Ilegal de Fauna Resumen El mercado ilegal de fauna ha emergido como un tema ambiental creciente y urgente. Los actores involucrados en los esfuerzos por detener el tráfico de fauna incluyen a las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONGs), los académicos y a los cuerpos estatales de gobierno y aplicación de la ley. El grado hasta el que estos accionistas trabajen y se comuniquen entre sí es fundamental para combatir efectivamente el mercado ilícito. Con el Reino Unido como estudio de caso, usamos un análisis de redes sociales y entrevistas semiestructuradas con los actores para evaluar las relaciones de comunicación dentro de la comunidad que combate el tráfico de fauna. Las ONGs ocuparon sistemáticamente cuatro de las cinco posiciones más centrales en las redes generadas, mientras que las instituciones académicas ocuparon rutinariamente cuatro de las cinco posiciones más periféricas. Sin embargo, las ONGs fueron las menos diversas con sus prácticas de comunicación en comparación con los otros grupos de actores. Los actores identificaron a las relaciones personales como el aspecto más importante de la comunicación funcional. La percepción de los participantes también mostró que las variables específicas por accionista (p. ej.: preocupaciones éticas y de confidencialidad), la competencia y la captación de fondos pueden tener un efecto confuso sobre la intercomunicación. La evaluación de las tendencias en las redes de comunicación y la comunicación entre accionistas es esencial para la creación de respuestas cohesivas, productivas y eficientes ante los obstáculos que presenta el combate al comercio ilegal de fauna.

Pivotal prognostic and diagnostic role of the long non­coding RNA colon cancer­associated transcript 1 expression in human cancer (Review).

Long non­coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been classically defined as regulatory RNA members >200 nucleotides in length, without detectable open­reading frames to encode proteins. Previous studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs serve critical roles in multiple cancer types. Colon cancer­associated transcript 1 (CCAT1), a novel cancer­associated lncRNA, is significantly overexpressed in a number of malignancies. Functionally, as an oncogenic lncRNA, CCAT1 is involved in proliferation, migration, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, chemoresistance and other biological processes of cancer cells through complex regulation mechanisms in the cytoplasm or nucleus. In clinical applications, CCAT1 is additionally positively associated with histological differentiation, tumour node metastasis stage, vascular invasion, overall survival and recurrence­free survival, which demonstrates its important role as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in cancer. The present review summarises the current research progress of the oncogenic potential and clinical uses of CCAT1 in various human cancer types.

Construction of a transcription factor­long non­coding RNA­microRNA network for the identification of key regulators in lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma.

The interactions of microRNAs (miRNAs), transcription factors (TFs) and their common target long non­coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can lead to the production of TF­miRNA­lncRNA (TML) network motifs. These motifs are functional regulators that perform a wide range of biological processes, such as carcinogenesis. However, TML network motifs have not been systematically identified, and their roles in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC) are largely unknown. In the present study, a computational integration approach was performed using multiple sources in order to construct a global TML network for LUAD and LUSC. The analysis revealed several dysregulated TML network motifs, which were common between the two lung cancer subtypes or specific to a single cancer subtype. In addition, functional analysis further indicated that the TML network motifs may potentially serve as putative biomarkers in LUAD and LUSC. The associations between drug treatments and dysregulated TML network motifs were also examined. Collectively, the present study elucidated the roles of TML network motifs in LUAD and LUSC, which may be beneficial for understanding the pathogenesis of lung cancer and its potential treatment.

The evaluation of forensic characteristics and the phylogenetic analysis of the Ong Be language-speaking population based on Y-STR.

The Ong Be language, an important branch of the Tai-Kadai language family, is one of the most distinctive languages on Hainan Island. Ong Be language speakers, who have lived in the Lingao district of Hainan Island for generations, were classified as Han Chinese in the early days of the establishment of the People's Republic of China but have distinct differences from the Han Chinese in language, lifestyle, customs and values and particularly in appearances and features. Currently, Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes have been widely used in genetic applications, such as human forensics, historical investigations and genealogical research. In this study, 487 unrelated male individuals residing in the Lingao district volunteered, and their Y-STR haplotypes were investigated using the Yfiler and Yfiler Plus with 17 and 27 Y-STR loci, respectively. Furthermore, we combined our population data on the Lingao people with existing datasets from Asian nations (East, South and Southeast Asia) to explore the genetic variance and relationships with Han Chinese from different administrative regions in Northern and Southern China and Chinese ethnic minorities officially recognized by the PRC. Population comparisons demonstrated that the Lingao people had distant relationships with Asian nations at the national level and had relatively close genetic and linguistic relationships with Hainan Li and Guizhou Gelao, both of whom belong to the Tai-Kadai language family. The present results increase our understanding of the genetic relationships between the Lingao people and other groups, and further research in genetics and other areas is still needed to trace the origin of the Lingao people.

ONGs no Brasil: contextualização histórica do cenário para atuação em psicologia escolar / NGOs in Brazil: historical contextualization of the scenario for acting in educational psychology / ONGs en Brasil:

Este artigo oferece uma contextualização histórica sobre o percurso de desenvolvimento das organizações não governamentais (ONGs) no Brasil. Atualmente, esses espaços vêm se ampliando no cenário do Terceiro Setor como novo agente social para o atendimento das demandas públicas. O texto parte de uma breve descrição sobre as ONGs educativas no País, como um campo de trabalho emergente ao psicólogo escolar. Em seguida, abordase a caracterização histórica sobre as transformações das políticas de Estado, os impactos nas formas de exercício da democracia pela sociedade civil organizada e os desdobramentos à história de origem e consolidação dessas instituições no Brasil. Apresenta-se o atual cenário das ONGs, sinalizando as características político-econômicas que alavancaram o crescimento do número e tipos de serviços prestados por essas entidades nos últimos tempos. Nessa seção, discute-se uma proposta de atuação do psicólogo escolar como possibilidade de trabalho nas ONGs educativas. Por fim, são feitas algumas reflexões sobre os desafios educacionais que se colocam ao psicólogo escolar diante desse novo contexto socioeducativo com potencial para o desenvolvimento humano.

This article provides a historical overview of the development of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Brazil. Currently, these areas have been expanding in the Third Sector as a new social actor to meet public demands. The study starts from a brief description of the educational NGOs in the country as an emerging field of work for the school psychologist. Afterwards, it deals with the historical characterization of the transformations of the country’s state policies, the impact on the exercise of democracy by civil society and the unfolding history towards the origin and consolidation of these institutions in Brazil. It presents the current situation of NGOs, signaling the political-economic features that boosted the growth in the number and types of services provided by these entities in recent times. In this section, we discuss a proposal for performance of the school psychologist as a possibility to work in educational NGOs. Finally, some reflections on the educational challenges faced by the school psychologist at this new socio-educational context with the potential for human development are highlighted.

En este artículo se ofrece una visión histórica de la trayectoria de desarrollo de las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales en el país. En la actualidad, estos espacios se han expandido en el escenario del Tercer Sector como un nuevo agente social para atender las demandas públicas. El texto parte de una breve descripción de las ONG de educación en el país, como un campo de trabajo emergente para el psicólogo escolar. A continuación, se ocupa de la caracterización histórica de las transformaciones de las políticas del Estado, el impacto en las formas del ejercicio de la democracia por la sociedad civil organizada y las consecuencias de la historia de origen y consolidación de estas instituciones en Brasil. Se presenta el escenario actual de las ONGs, destacando las características político-económicas que impulsaron el crecimiento del número y tipos de servicios prestados por estas entidades en los últimos tiempos. En esta sección, se discute una propuesta de actuación del psicólogo de la escuela como una posibilidad de trabajo en ONG educativas. Por último, se realizan algunas reflexiones sobre los retos educativos que enfrenta el psicólogo de la escuela en este nuevo contexto socio-educativo con potencial para el desarrollo humano.

Psicologia Escolar em ONGs: Desafios Profissionais e Perspectivas Contemporâneas de Atuação / School Psychology in NGOs: Professional Challenges and Contemporary Perspectives of Action / Psicología escolar en ONGs: Retos Profesionales y Perspectivas Contemporáneas de Actuación

A existência de psicólogos escolares em ONGs educativas é uma realidade recente no Brasil. Esse contexto agrega peculiaridades históricas, políticas e pedagógicas que imprimem características específicas ao trabalho do psicólogo, especialmente por se dedicar à formação das classes populares. Este artigo constitui-se em um ensaio teórico que objetiva discutir aspectos relacionados à atuação do psicólogo escolar em ONGs e apresentar uma proposição de trabalho em Psicologia Escolar ancorado em três grandes eixos de atuação. Na primeira parte do artigo, serão analisadas as perspectivas gerais de atuação da Psicologia Escolar, especialmente vinculadas ao seu compromisso social e político com a educação na atual conjuntura. Dessas considerações, parte-se para uma discussão sobre o contexto histórico das ONGs no país, as contradições desse cenário educativo e as potencialidades para a formação humana, vinculadas ao compromisso com a transformação social na atualidade. Por fim, serão abordados os desafios e as possíveis contribuições do psicólogo escolar em ONGs educativas, delineando uma proposta para a atuação profissional em Psicologia Escolar nesse contexto.

The existence of school psychologists in educational NGOs is a recent reality in Brazil. This context adds historical, political and pedagogical peculiarities that give specific characteristics to the psychologist's work, especially for dedicating himself to the formation of the working classes. This article is a theoretical essay that aims to discuss aspects related to the performance of the school psychologist in NGOs and present a proposal of work in School Psychology in three main axes of action. In the first part of the article, the general perspectives of School Psychology will be analyzed, especially related to its social and political commitment to education on the current situation. From these considerations, the first part begins with a discussion about the historical context of the NGOs in the country, the contradictions of this educational scenario and the potentialities for human formation, linked to the commitment to the current social transformation. Finally, the challenges and possible contributions of the school psychologist in educational NGOs will be addressed, outlining a proposal for the professional performance in School Psychology in this context.

La existencia de psicólogos escolares en ONGs educativas es una realidad reciente en Brasil. Ese contexto agrega peculiaridades históricas, políticas y pedagógicas que imprimen características específicas a la labor del psicólogo, especialmente por dedicarse a la formación de las clases populares. Este artículo se constituye en un ensayo teórico que tiene por objetivo discutir aspectos relacionados a la actuación del psicólogo escolar en ONGs y presentar una propuesta de labor en Psicología Escolar anclado en tres grandes ejes de actuación. En la primera parte del artículo, se analizan las perspectivas generales de actuación de la Psicología Escolar, especialmente vinculadas a su compromiso social y político con la educación en la actual coyuntura. De esas consideraciones, se parte para una discusión sobre el contexto histórico de las ONGs en el país, las contradicciones de ese escenario educativo y las potencialidades a la formación humana, vinculadas al compromiso con la transformación social en la actualidad. Por fin, se aborda-los retos y las posibles contribuciones del psicólogo escolar en ONGs educativas, delineando una propuesta para la actuación profesional en Psicología Escolar en ese contexto.